Key Concept 1.3: The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies
I. Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished.
identify the location of all of the following required examples of core and foundational civilizations:
• Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys
• Egypt in the Nile River Valley
• Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley
• Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley
• Olmecs in Mesoamerica
• Chavín in Andean South America
II. The first states emerged within core civilizations.
A. States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support and/or who was supported by the military.
B. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated — including the Hittites, who had access to iron — had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states.
B. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated — including the Hittites, who had access to iron — had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states.
C. Early regions of state expansion or empire building were Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley.
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D. Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations.
New Weapons
-Compound Bow -Iron Weapons |
Modes of Transportation
-Horseback riding -Chariots |
III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.
A. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning.
B. Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship.
- sculpture
- painting
- wall decorating
D. States developed legal codes, including the Code of Hammurabi, that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people.
E. New religious beliefs developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods.
E. New religious beliefs developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods.
F. Trade expanded throughout this period from local to regional and transregional, with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas, and technology.
G. Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied.
H. Literature was also a reflection of culture.
H. Literature was also a reflection of culture.